The World at War

FRANCE - The Aftermath of Liberation 1945 - 1998

FRANCE - The Aftermath of Liberation Timeline

1945May 13 The final round of voting in municipal elections gives a strong victory to parties of the Left. Women vote in French elections for the first time.
May 14 Leon Blum, former Premier and Socialist leader, returns from captivity in Germany.
May 24 Banks, coal mines and electric utilities are nationalized.
May 29 Gnome and Rhone, (present day aerospace corporation Snecma) is nationalized.
May 30 Anti-French riots break out in Damascus, Syria.
June 22 L’Ecole Nationale d’Administration is founded to train civil administrators. June 26
Air France is nationalized.
July 23 The trial of Marshal Petain begins.
July 25 The French 1st Army is demobilized having suffered 14,000 men killed in action and 42,000 wounded.
July General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is named Inspector General of the Army.
General Pierre Koenig becomes Commander in Chief of French forces in Germany.
August 1 Pierre Laval is returned from Austria.
August 4 The Order of the Liberation is awarded to the town of Vasssieux-en-Vercors.
August 10 Admiral Andre Marquis, Maritime Prefect of Toulon, is sentenced to 5 years in prison and national degradation for life.
August 15 Marshal Herni Philippe Petain, Head of the French State, is convicted of treason and sentenced to death.
August 16 Admiral Georges Thierry d’Argenlieu is named High Commissioner in Indochina.General LeClerc is named Commander in Chief of forces in Indochina.
August 17 General de Gaulle commutes Marshal Petain’s death sentence to life in prison.September 2
General LeClerc represents France at the surrender of Japan on board the American battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
September 5 Collaboration charges against Albert Riviere, Minister of Colonies; Andre Fevrier, Minister of Labor and of Communications and Maurice Pinot, Commissioner General to Prisoners are dismissed for acts of resistance.
September 9 Jean Pierre Wimille wins the Paris Cup in the only European Grand Prix automobile race of the year.
September 19 Collaboration charges against General Victor Debeney, Secretary General to the Chief of State, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
September 23 Violent clashes break out between French troops and Vietnamese nationalists in Saigon.
October 3 Joseph Darnand, Secretary General for the Maintenance of Order (head of Vichy Milice), is sentenced to death.
October 4 The trial of former Premier Pierre Laval begins in Paris.
October 9 Pierre Laval is convicted of collaboration and sentenced to death.
October 10 Joseph Darnand is executed at the Fort de Châtillon.
October 11 Jean Hérold aka Jean Hérold Paquis, propaganda broadcaster for Radio Paris, is executed at Fort de Châtillon.
October 15 Pierre Laval is executed after a failed suicide attempt.
October 21 Charles de Gaulle is elected President of the Provisional Government. A return to the Constitution of 1875 is rejected in a national referendum. A Constituent Assembly is elected to draft a new constitution.
November 1 Bread rationing ends.
November 2 The Government of the First Constituent Assembly takes office.
November 14 Marshal Petain is transferred from Portalet prison to the Ile de Yeu off the coast of Brittany.
November 21 General de Gaulle's new cabinet receives the unanimous approval of the Constituent Assembly. The Government includes five Communist ministers; Minister of State Maurice Thorez, Armaments Minister Tillion, National Economy Minister Billoux, Minister of Industrial Production Marcel Paul and Labor Minister Croizat.
December 2 The Bank of France and four major commercial banks; Crédit Lyonnais, Le Comptoir National d'escompte, La Société Général and La Banque National du Commerce et de l'Industrie are nationalized.
December 5 Collaboration charges against Robert Schuman, Undersecretary of State to the Premier, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
France rejects American plans for creation of a German central government.
December 12 Collaboration charges against Jacques Le Roy Ladurie, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Supply, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
December 13 General Henri-Fernand Dentz dies in Fresnes prison, Paris, while serving a life sentence for collaboration.
December 22 A Central Planning Commission is created under Jean Monnet.
December 26 An Atomic Energy Commission is created.
The Franc is devalued by 66%.
December 28 Bread rationing is reintroduced.
During the Year Charles Trenet composes La Mer in just 20 minutes during a train ride between Narbonne and Carcassonne. The song becomes a hit translated into a dozen languages and covered by over 4,000 recording artists.
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Jean Louis Bory for Mon Village a l’Heure AllemandeNotable Recordings
Les Grands Boulevards - Yves Montand
1946January 1 Socialists demand a 20% reduction in military spending.
The Order of the Liberation is awarded to the community of Ile de Sein.
January 20 General de Gaulle denounces, “the regime of parties” and resigns as President of the Government of the First Constituent Assembly.
January 23 Felix Gouin is elected President.
January 29 President Gouin forms a coalition cabinet including the MRP, Socialists and Communists.
February 23 Jean Luchaire, editor of the collaborationist daily Nouveaux Temps (New Times), is executed at Fort de Chatillon.
February 25 The 40 hour work week is reinstituted.
March 10 French troops are withdrawn from Lebanon and Syria.
March 12 Jacques Chevalier, Secretary of State for National Education and Family, is sentenced to 20 years at hard labor (commuted to 4 years in prison) and national degradation for life.
Robert Gibrat, Secretary of State for Communications, is sentenced to 10 years national degradation.
March 13 Maurice Gabolde, Minister and Secretary of State for Justice, is sentenced to death, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (died in exile).
March 15 Georges Dayras, Secretary General for Justice, is sentenced to death (commuted to life at hard labor, released 1951).
March 18 Jean Ybarnegaray, Minister and Secretary of State for the Family and Youth, is sentenced to national degradation for life (pardoned for acts of resistance).
March 19 Marcel Bucard, founder and chief of the Francistes (fascist league) is executed.
March 28 Electric and gas utilities are nationalized.
Collaboration charges against General Louis Colson, Minister of War, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
April 13 Marthe Richard’s Law closes houses of prostitution. April 25
Insurance companies are nationalized.
Social Security is extended to cover all classes of workers.
May 5 A proposed constitution is rejected in a national referendum.
May 28 The Blum-Byrnes Accord is signed. The United States grants France $1.4 million in credit and cancels $2.85 million of French debts. France agrees to open markets to American products including an end to restrictions on imports of American films.
June 2 A Second Constituent Assembly is elected. The MRP wins the largest block of seats, Communist hold their ground and Socialist loose seats.
June 12 Felix Gouin resigns from the presidency after being implicated in a wine price fixing scandal.
The Government of the First Constituent Assembly is dissolved.
The National Confederation of Employers is founded.
June 13 Collaboration charges against Charles Pomaret, Minister of the Interior and of Labor, and Louis Archard, Secretary of State for Supply, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
June 16 Charles de Gaulle delivers an address outlining his proposals for constitutional reform (increased powers for the executive at the expense of the legislative branch).
June 19 Marcel Deat, Minister of Labor, is sentenced to death in absentia, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (died in exile).
June 24 The Second Constituent Assembly takes office. Georges Bidault is elected President. Bidault forms a coalition cabinet including MRP, Socialist and Communist ministers.
July 7 Hubert Lagardelle, Secretary of State for Labor, is sentenced to life at hard labor, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (pardoned July 31, 1946).
July 10 Jean Berthelot, Secretary of State for Communications, is sentenced to 2 years in prison, a 10000 Franc fine and 10 years national degradation.
July 11 Paul Charbin, Secretary of State for Supply, is sentenced to 10 years national degradation.
July 18 Rene Bonnefoy, Secretary General to the Interior Minister, is sentenced to national degradation for life and confiscation of property (later commuted to 5 years national degradation).
Charles Rochat, Secretary General for Foreign Affairs, is sentenced to death and national degradation for life (sentence commuted to 5 years national degradation and released after trial).
July 26 Pierre-Etienne Flandin, former Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs, is sentenced to 5 years national degradation (pardoned for acts of resistance).
August 14 Admiral Jean Abrial, Secretary of State for the Navy, is sentenced to 10 years at hard labor (commuted to 5 years in prison and national degradation for life - pardoned December 2, 1947).
Admiral Gabriel Auphan, Secretary of State for the Navy, is sentenced to life at hard labor, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (commuted to 5 years imprisonment, suspended, 5 years national degradation and immediate release July, 1955).
September 10 Paul Trouvier former milicien is tried in absentia and sentenced to death by a court in Lyon.
September 21 Louis Chiron of Monaco wins the first French Grand Prix automobile race since 1939 in a Bugatti T51.
October 13 The Constitution of the Fourth Republic is approved in a national referendum.
October 27 The Constitution of the Fourth Republic is inaugurated.
November 11 Elections for the National Assembly – popular vote shares: Communists (PCF) 28.6%, Socialists (SFIO) 17.9%, Christian Democrats (MRP) 26.3% November 28
Vincent Auriol is elected President of the National Assembly.
December 5 Georges Bidault attempts to form a centrist government but garners only 240 votes in the National Assembly.
December 12 Socialist Leon Blum is named Premier by a vote of 544 to 2 in the National Assembly.
December 18 Jean Renoir's film Partie de Campagne opens at the Theatre des Champs Elysees 10 years after shooting.
December 19 Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana and Reunion become departments of metropolitan France.
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Jean Jacques Gautier for Histoire d'Un Fait Divers
Notable recordings Edith Piaf - La Vie en Rose
Tino Rossi - Petit Papa Noel
Charles Trenet - La Mer
1947January 16 Vincent Auriol takes office as the first President elected under the constitution of the Fourth Republic.
January 17 Paul Ramadier (MRP) becomes Premier of a coalition government including Communists and Socialists.
January 23 Collaboration charges against Albert Rivaud and Emile Mireaux, Secretaries of State for National Education, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
January 28 Edouard Herriot is elected President of the Chamber of Deputies.
January 30 Collaboration charges against Robert Moreau, Commissioner General to Prisoners, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
February 10 The Treaty of Paris ends the state of war with Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Finland.
February 18 Collaboration charges against Maurice Gait, Commissioner General for Youth, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
March 3 Paul Baudoin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, is sentenced to 5 years at hard labor (commuted to 4 years prison, national degradation for life and confiscation of property).
March 4 The Treaty of Dunkerque is signed with Great Britain renewing the military alliance.
A court in Chambery sentences Paul Trouvier to death in absentia.
March 6 Fernand de Brinon, Delegate to the Government of the Occupied Zone, is sentenced to death.
March 7 Raphael Alibert, Minister of Justice, is sentenced to death in absentia.
Georges Hilaire, Secretary General for the Interior and (later) Fine Arts, is sentenced to 5 years in prison, national degradation for life and confiscation of property in absentia.
March 14 Admiral Georges Robert, High Commissioner for the Antilles, is sentenced to 10 years at hard labor (released 6 month later at the request of the High Court) and national degradation for life (pardoned 1957).
Jean Jardel, Secretary General to the Chief of State, is sentenced to national degradation for life.
March 19 Pierre Caziot, Minister and Secretary of State for Agriculture and Supply, is sentenced to national degradation for life and confiscation of half his property
March 21 Communists in the Chamber of Deputies block military credits for war in Indochina.
Armand Annet, Governor General of Madagascar, sentenced to national degradation for life.
General Jules Brevie, Secretary of State for Colonies, is sentenced to 10 years in prison (commuted to 7 years), national degradation and confiscation of property.
March 22 Henry Lemery, Minister of Colonies, is sentenced to 5 years national degradation suspended for acts of resistance.
March 25 Camille Chautemps, former Premier and Minister to Washington, is sentenced in absentia to 5 years in prison, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (remained in the United States until amnestied).
Jacques Guerard, Secretary General to the Premier, is sentenced to death, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (sentence commuted).
March 28 Admiral Jean de Laborde, Commander in Chief of Forces on the High Seas, is sentenced to death for ordering the scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon on Nov. 27, 1942 (sentence commuted to life in prison, national degradation for life and confiscation of property/pardoned June 9, 1947).
March 30 An insurrection against French rule in Madagascar begins.
April 7 The Ralliement du Peuple Francais (RPF) is formed to advance Gaullist ideas for constitutional reform.
April 15 Fernand de Brinon is last person executed under the Epuration laws.
April 21 A coal agreement is signed with Great Britain and the United States.
April 25 Autoworkers begin a 3 week strike at nationalized Renault factories.
May 2 Collaboration charges against Louis Ripert, Secretary of State for National Education, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
May 4 Communists refuse to support a salary freeze for government functionaries.
May 5 Communist ministers are forced out of the Ramadier Government.
May 6 The Socialist (SFIO) convention supports the ouster of the Communists by a vote of 2529 to 2125.
May 8 Collaboration charges against Francois Musnier de Pleignes, Secretary General for Veterans Affairs, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
May 22 Collaboration charges against Vincent Di Pace, Secretary General for Posts Telephone and Telegraph, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
May 25 The Government orders striking electric and gas utility employees back to work.
June 5 A month long strike wave against nationalized enterprises begins at the Citroen factory.
June 6 Jacques Benoist-Mechin, Deputy Premier, is sentenced to death in absentia.
General Bridoux, Secretary of State to the War Ministry, is sentenced to death in absentia, national degradation for life and confiscation of property following his escape for Val-de-Grace prison.
June 19 Collaboration charges against Charles du Paty de Clam, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions, and Georges Portmann, Secretary General for Information, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
July 4 Abel Bonnard, Minister of National Education, is sentenced to death, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (later commuted to 10 years imprisonment).
Collaboration charges against Jean Fatou, Secretary General for Colonies and Amaury de l’Epine, Director of the Automobile Organizing Committee, are dismissed for acts of resistance. July 10
The Legion of Honor is awarded to the cities of Boulogne-sur-mer and Calais.
July 11 Collaboration charges against Jerome Carcopino, Secretary of State for National Education and Jean Prouvost, are Secretary General for Information, dismissed for acts of resistance.
July 25 Collaboration charges against Georges Lamirand, Secretary General for Youth, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
August 6 Benoist-Mechin’s death sentence is commuted to national degradation for life, confiscation of property and imprisonment for life at hard labor.
November 10 The Marseilles Council elects Gaullist M. Carlini Mayor over the Communist M. Cristofol by a vote of 26 to 25.
November 12 Communists stage violent protests in front of Marseilles city hall.
November 18 Collaboration charges against Charles Fremicourt, Minister of Justice and General Jean de La Porte du Theil, Commissioner General to the Chantiers de Jeunesse are dismissed for acts of resistance.
November 19 The Government of Premier Paul Ramadier resigns.
November 24 Robert Schuman is appointed Premier.
November 28 General LeClerc is killed in a plane crash in Algeria.
General Charles Nouges, Resident General for Morocco, is sentenced to 20 years at hard labor, national degradation and confiscation of property in absentia (reduced to national degradation and immediate release November 26, 1956).
November 29 Anti-strike legislation is introduced by the Government. Communist begin a filibuster but are expelled from the Chamber of Deputies 5 days later.
December 3 Communist saboteurs derail a troop train near Agny, Nord killing 16 soldiers who were dispatched to quell a miners strike. Fifteen additional acts of sabotage against the railways cause 6 other derailments.
December 10 Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions, is sentenced to death in absentia, national degradation for life and confiscation of property (died in exile).
Xavier Vallat, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions, is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and national degradation for life.
December 18 Collaboration charges against Raymond Grasset, Secretary of State for the Family and Public Health, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
Nobel Prize for Literature
André Paul Guillaume Gide, "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Jean Louis Curtis for Les Forêts de la Nuit
Notable Books La Peste by Albert Camus
1948January 29 Collaboration charges against Emile Boyez, Secretary General for Manpower and Labor; Robert Weinmann, Commissioner General for Manpower, and Frederic Roujou, Secretary General for Labor, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
Adrien Marquet, Minister, Secretary of State for the Interior, is sentenced to 10 years national degradation.
February 9 The Legion of Honor is awarded to the City of Brest.
May 6 Collaboration charges against General Maxime Weygand, Minister and Secretary of State for National Defense, dismissed for acts of resistance.
May 27 Pierre Mathe, Commissioner General for Agriculture and Supply, is sentenced 5 years national degradation.
June 2 The Legion of Honor is awarded to Abbeville, Amiens, Caen and Saint Lo.
June 4 Francois Pietri, Minister, Secretary of State for Communications and Ambassador to Spain, is sentenced to 5 years national degradation in absentia.
June 16 Francois Chasseigne, Secretary of State for Supply, is sentenced to 10 years at hard labor and national degradation for life.
June 25 Paul Creyssel, Secretary General for Propaganda and Minister of Information, is sentenced to 4 years imprisonment and 10 years national degradation.
June 30 Antoine Lemoine, Secretary of State for Interior, is sentenced to 5 years national degradation suspended for acts of resistance.
July 3 Andre Masson, Commissioner General to Prisoners of War, is sentenced to death in absentia (died in exile).
July 22 Gaston Bruneton, Commissioner General for Manpower in Germany, is sentenced to 4 years 6 months imprisonment and 10 years national degradation.
August 21 The Legion of Honor is awarded to the City of Falaise.
August 27 The Legion of Honor is awarded to the City of Evreux.
November 25 Collaboration charges against General Bertrand Pujo, Air Minister and General Jean Bergeret, Secretary of State for Aviation, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
December 14 Paul Marion, Secretary of State for Information, is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and national degradation for life (pardoned 1953).
December 18 General Eugene Bridoux is granted asylum in Spain where he remains until his death in 1955.
December 20 Collaboration charges against Max Bonnafousa, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Supply, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Maurice Druon for Les Grandes Familles
Notable Books Les Noyers de L'Altenburg by André Malraux
1949January 27 Collaboration charges against Rene Belin, Minister of Industrial Production and Labor, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
February 17 Collaboration charges against Admiral Jean Decoux, Governor General of Indochina : General Paul Moniot, Secretary of State for Aviation: General Paul Gastin, Secretary General for Air Defenses and Francois Lehideux, Secretary of State for Industrial Production, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
February 27 Collaboration charges against General Jean Jeannekein, Secretary of State for Aviation, are dismissed for acts of resistance.
February 28 The Legion of Honor is awarded to the cities of Argentan, Ascq, Etobon, Le Havre, Lorient, Lyon, Oradour-sur-Glane, Rouen, St. Die and St. Nazaire.
May 26 Joseph Pascot, Commissioner General for Sport, is sentenced to 5 years national degradation (suspended for acts of resistance).
June 1 Admiral Henri Blehaut, Secretary of State to the Navy and Colonies, is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and national degradation for life in absentia (acquitted by the Supreme Court in 1955).
June 3 General Georges Delmotte, Secretary General for Land Defense, is sentenced to 2 years imprisonment and national degradation for life.
Admiral Jean Pierre Esteva, Resident General in Tunisia, is sentenced to life in prison.
June 23 René Bousquet, Secretary General of Police, is sentenced to 5 years national degradation (sentence vacated in recognition of acts of resistance).
July 8 Andre Parmentier, Director General of Police, Secretary General for the Interior, is sentenced to 5 years in prison suspended for acts of resistance.
July 9 Yves Bouthillier, Secretary of State for Finance, is sentenced to 3 years in prison and national degradation for life.
July 23 Otto Abetz, German Ambassador to the Occupation Authorities, is sentenced to 20 years at hard labor.
November 14 Collaboration charges against Georges Scapini, Petain’s envoy to Prisoners of War, are dismissed for acts of resistance. Goncourt Prize for Literature
Rober Merle for Weekend A Zuydcoote
1950Goncourt Prize for Literature
Paul Colin for Les Jeux Sauvages
1951January 5 An amnesty revokes the sentences of National Degradation and imprisonment for less than 15 years.
July 23 Marshal Petain dies at Port-Joinville on the Ile d’Yeu at age 95.November 6
The Association pour Defendre la Memoire du Marechal Petain(Association for the Defense of the Rememberance of Marshal Petain) is established.
Nobel Peace Prize Léon Jouhaux, President, Trade Union Confederation "C.G.T. Force Ouvrière"; President, Conseil national économique and International Committee of the European Council; Vice President, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions; Vice President, Fédération syndicale mondiale; Member Council of I.L.O. (International Labour Organization); Delegate U.N.
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Julien Gracq for Le Rivage des Syrtes
1952June 23 Georges Scapini is retried on collaboration charges and acquitted by military tribunal.
Nobel Prize for Literature
François Mauriac, "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life".
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Beatrice Beck for Leon Morin, Pretre
1953January 12 Twenty one former SS men (14 of them Alsacian conscripts) are put on trial for participation in the June 1944 massacre at Oradour sur Glane.
February 13 The defendants in the Oradour-sur-Glane trial are convicted in a Bordeaux court.
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Pierre Gascar for Les Betes
1954April 14 The last Sunday in April is declared a national day of remembrance for the victims of the Deportation.
November Vichy Deputy Premier Jacques Benoist-Mechin is paroled.
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Simone de Beauvoir for Mandarins
1955Goncourt Prize for Literature
Roger Ikor for Les Eaux Melees
1956Goncourt Prize for Literature
Romain Gary for Les Racines du Ciel
1957Nobel Prize for Literature
Albert Camus, "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times".
Goncourt Prize for Literature
Roger Vailland for La Loi
1964December 19 Jean Moulin’s ashes are transferred to the Pantheon.December 26
The National Assembly suspends the statute of limitations for crimes against humanity.
Nobel Prize for Literature
Jean-Paul Sartre, "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age".
1968Nobel Peace Prize René Cassin, President of the European Court for Human Rights
1971November 23 Paul Trouvier’s sentence of death in absentia is commuted by President Pompidou. 1973
February 19 A commando group led by Henri Massol removes the coffin containing the remains of Marshal Petain from the grave on the Ile de Yeu.
February 21 The coffin containing the remains of Marshal Petain is recovered in a garage in St.Ouen and re-interred on the Ile de Yeu.
1978René Bousquet, Vichy Police Chief, recounts his role in the roundup of Parisian Jews in an interview with Darquier de Pellepoix of L’Express.1983
February 5 Klaus Barbie is extradited from Bolivia to France and charged with crimes against humanity.
1987May 11 The trial of Klaus Barbie begins in Lyon.
July 4 Klaus Barbie convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
1989May 24 Paul Trouvier is arrested in Nice and charged with crimes against humanity.
1991March Vichy police commander, René Bousquet is charged with crimes against humanity for his role in the 1942 Velodrome d’Hiver roundup of Parisian Jews. September 23
Klaus Barbie dies in prison.
1993June 8 René Bousquet is assassinated by Christian Didier while awaiting trial for crimes against humanity.
July 16 A national day of remembrance commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Grand Rafle.
1994April 19 Paul Trouvier is sentenced to life in prison.
1996July 17 Paul Trouvier dies in prison.
September 18 Maurice Papon put on trial.
1998April 2 Maurice Papon is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment by the Bordeaux Court of Assize.

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